Heavy crude oil - Content
derived from Wikipedia article
Heavy crude oil
Heavy crude oil or Extra Heavy oil is any type of crude oil
which does not flow easily. It is a relative term, compared to light crude
oil, but relates to specific technical issues of its own on production,
transportation, and refining. Physical properties that distinguish heavy crudes
from lighter ones include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as
heavier molecular composition. Extra heavy oil from the area north of the
Orinoco river in Venezuela, which has by far the largest volume of the 30 or
more countries with known reserves, has a viscosity of over 10,000 centipoise
and 10° API specific gravity. Generally a diluent is added at regular
distances in a pipeline carrying heavy crude to facilitate its flow.
Some petroleum geologists categorize bitumen from tar sands as extra heavy oil although bitumen does not flow at ambient conditions.
Contents
1 Economics
2 Environmental impact
3 Origin
4 See also
Economics
Heavy crude oils provide an interesting situation for the economics of petroleum development. On one hand, due to increased refining costs and high sulfur content, heavy crudes are often priced at a discount to lighter ones. The increased viscosity and density also makes production more difficult. On the other hand, large quantities of heavy crudes have been discovered in the Americas including Canada, Venezeula and Northern California. The relatively shallow depth of heavy oil fields (often less than 3000 feet) contributes to low drilling costs.
Environmental Impact
As a rule, heavy crudes have a more severe environmental
impact than light ones. With more difficult production comes the employment
of a variety of enhanced oil recovery techniques, including steam flooding
and tighter well spacing, often as close as one well per acre. Heavy crudes
also carry contaminants. For example, Orinoco extra heavy oil contains 3.5%
sulfur as well as vanadium and nickel.
Advanced technologies are mitigating the environmental impact via horizontal wells and increased energy efficiency, but barrel per barrel, heavy crudes will likely always be more environmentally damaging than light crudes.
Origin
Most geologists agree that crude becomes "heavy" as a result of biodegradation, in which lighter ends are preferentially consumed by bacteria in the reservoir, leaving heavier hydrocarbons behind. This hypothesis leans heavily on the techniques of petroleum geochemistry.
Related topics @ Wikipedia
Oil shale; Oil shale extraction
Tar sands; Athabasca oil sands
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