NewNergy

NewNergy discusses the latest inventions, innovations and breakthroughs in the energy & environmental sciences.

Engineered Microorganisms for Cost-Effective Cellulosic Biofuel Production

Mascoma Corporation today announced that the company has made major research advances in consolidated bioprocessing, or CBP, a low-cost processing strategy for production of biofuels from cellulosic biomass. CBP avoids the need for the costly production of cellulase enzymes by using engineered microorganisms that produce cellulases and ethanol at high yield in a single step.CBP is widely considered to be the ultimate low-cost configuration for cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation.The advances of the research includes both bacteria that grow at high temperatures, called thermophiles, and recombinant cellulolytic yeasts.

The first report of targeted metabolic engineering of a cellulose-fermenting thermophile, Clostridium thermocellum, leading to a reduced production of unwanted organic acid byproducts and makes possible production of nearly 6% wt/vol ethanol by an increase of 60% over what was reported just a year ago. Selected strains of C. thermocellum that can rapidly consume cellulose with high conversion and no added cellulase, and grow on cellulose in the presence of commercial levels of ethanol.

Recombinant, Cellulolytic Yeast facilitates 3,000-fold increase in cellulase expression and a significant 2.5-fold reduction in the added cellulase required for conversion of pretreated hardwood to ethanol.These advances enable the reduction in operating and capital costs required for cost-effective commercial production of ethanol, bringing Mascoma substantially closer to commercialization.

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Shredding Stover Helps Make Ethanol Production More Efficient

Researcher Dennis Buckmaster of Purdue University has hit on a more efficient ethanol production with cellulosic processing. By shredding corn stover instead of the currently-used chopping method, less energy is required because the pieces are smaller, allowing easier and more productive cellulose derivative. Size doesn’t seem to make a difference in cellulose leachate yield, with large shreds comparable to smaller ones.

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Via 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), just two steps from Biomass into Biofuel

Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have reportedly developed a two-step method to convert the cellulose in raw biomass into biofuel.

The first step in the process is the conversion of cellulose into the “platform” chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), from which a variety of valuable commodity chemicals can be made. While other groups have demonstrated some of the individual steps involved in converting biomass to HMF, starting with simple sugars, what this group did was show how to do the whole process in one step, starting with biomass itself. In the second step they converted HMF into the promising biofuel 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF). The overall yield for this two-step biomass-to-biofuel process was 9% - 9 percent of the cellulose in the corn stover samples was ultimately converted into biofuel. According to the team, DMF is similar to gasoline and is compatible with the existing liquid transportation fuel infrastructure, having already been used as a gasoline additive.

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Hydrogen from cellulosic material using multilpe enzymes - ORNL

Tomorrow's fuel-cell vehicles may be powered by enzymes that consume cellulose from woodchips or grass and exhale hydrogen. Researchers at Virginia Tech, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and the University of Georgia have produced hydrogen gas pure enough to power a fuel cell by mixing 14 enzymes, one coenzyme, cellulosic materials from nonfood sources, and water heated to about 90 degrees (32 C).

The group announced three advances from their "one pot" process: 1) a novel combination of enzymes, 2) an increased hydrogen generation rate -- to as fast as natural hydrogen fermentation, and 3) a chemical energy output greater than the chemical energy stored in sugars – the highest hydrogen yield reported from cellulosic materials.

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Third Generation Biofuels: Corn with Embedded Cellulase Enzymes

A new variety of corn developed and patented by Michigan State University scientists could turn corn leaves and stalks into biofuels far more efficiently than existing techniques for cellulosic biofuels.

The variety of corn has cellulase enzymes embedded in its leaves. This makes it a crop typical of so-called 'third-generation' bioproducts - green fuels and products are made from energy and biomass crops that have been designed in such a way that their very structure or properties conform to the requirements of a particular bioconversion process. The MSU scientists have tricked corn in such a way that it already contains the needed enzymes itself, in its leaves.

An example of such third-generation biofuels are those based on tree crops whose lignin-content has been artificially weakened and reduced, and disintegrates easy under dedicated processing techniques. Low-lignin hybrid trees (poplars) are being developed by several research organisations, amongst them the laboratory of the father of plant genetic engineering, Marc van Montagu of the University of Ghent, Belgium.

Content credit: Mongabay

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Third Generation Biofuels via Direct Cellulose Fermentation

Here's an interesting research paper on a new process called Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) in which cellulase production, substrate hydrolysis, and fermentation are accomplished in a single process step by cellulolytic microorganisms.

According to the paper, CBP offers the potential for lower biofuel production costs
due to simpler feedstock processing, lower energy inputs, and higher conversion
efficiencies than separate hydrolysis and fermentation processes, and is an economically attractive near-term goal for “third generation” biofuel production.

In this review article, production of third generation biofuels from cellulosic feedstocks will be addressed in respect to the metabolism of cellulolytic bacteria and the development of strategies to increase biofuel yields through metabolic engineering.

Read the full research paper from here (PDF) - note: this document opens as a new document on your machine, not in your browser

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AFEX - A Cost effective Pretreatment For Cellulosic Ethanol

A new process invented by Michigan State University helps to increase the yields of cellulosic ethanol at a reasonable premium. Michigan State University comes in with a new patented process. Bruce Dale, University Distinguished Professor of chemical engineering and materials science at the university, has invented a cheap pretreatment process using ammonia, called AFEX (ammonia fiber expansion).

Its 75 percent more efficient than with traditional enzyme treatments says Professor Dale, and is easier and more affordable than acid pretreatments. The process frees up a lot of sugar to be used in the fermentation to produce more ethanol.It's possible to use AFEX to pretreat corn stover (cobs, stalks and leaves) and then hydrolyze and ferment it to commercially relevant levels of ethanol without adding nutrients to the stover. It's always been assumed that agricultural residues such as corn stover didn't have enough nutrients to support fermentation. We have shown this isn't so.

Washing, detoxifying and adding nutrients back into the pretreated cellulose are three separate steps. Each step is expensive and adds to the cost of the biofuel. Breaking down cellulose into fermentable sugars cost effectively has been a major issue slowing cellulosic ethanol production. Using AFEX as the pretreatment process can dramatically reduce the cost of making biofuels from cellulose.

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Paper from Elephant Poop - Mr. Ellie Pooh from Sri Lanka

Now, you might be excused for thinking what I'm gonna say is a pile of, er, poop, but not, this is true.

A company in Sri Lanka is making paper from elephant poop:

"Since an elephant’s diet is all vegetarian, the waste produced is basically
raw cellulose. Thoroughly cleaned and processed, the cellulose is
converted into a uniquely beautiful textured product, marketed as “Ellie
Pooh Paper”.

So, thus we have the company Mr. Ellie Pooh making what else, ellie-pooh paper.

Source: TreeHugger

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Microorganisms of Termite guts offer hints on biofuel

Researchers have scooped soil near the Quabbin Reservoir in Massachusetts, visited a Russian volcano, and scoured the bottom of the sea looking for microbes that hold the key to new biofuels. Now, they are investigating deeper into the belly of termites.

The otherwise dreaded insect is a model bug bioreactor, adept at the difficult task of breaking down wood and turning it into fuel. Learning the secret of that skill could open the door to creating a new class of plant-based fuels to offset the nation's reliance on petroleum products.

In a study published last year, Leadbetter and others explored a small sample of termite gut bacteria genes, and found 1,000 involved in breaking down wood.The new study, which focuses on one of the most voracious of the 2,600 termite species,shows how a partnership within termite guts helps explain wood digestion.

The microorganism, called P. grassi, breaks down cellulose, a component of wood. A bacterium that lives inside that microorganism provides nitrogen, necessary for life but scarce in wood. Researchers have sequenced the genes of the bacteria and some of the protozoa, and are now analyzing the ones involved in digesting cellulose — in hopes of better understanding the secrets of the digestion process.

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Renewed Push for Ethanol, Without Corn

Renewed Push for Ethanol, Without Corn

Cellulosic ethanol is supposed to be the saviour for those who feel that feedstock such as corn are hopeless in the long run. But no company has yet been able to produce ethanol from cellulose in mass quantities that are priced competitively with corn-based ethanol, says this article.

According to a professional who was a senior member of the US Govt's energy efficiency & renewable energy program in the 90s, “Producing cellulosic ethanol is clearly more difficult than we thought in the 1990s.”

So why has no one figured out a way to make ethanol from materials like the sugar cane wastes? In fact, engineers at several companies have done that — but only at the lab level, continues this report.

Read the full report from here @ Petroleum World, 28 Apr 2007

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New Enzyme Discovery Could Make Ethanol Cheaper

New Enzyme Discovery Could Make Ethanol Cheaper

A new plant enzyme has been discovered by Cornell University researchers, which could make the production of cellulosic ethanol less expensive.

A critical step in producing cellulosic ethanol involves breaking down a plant's cell wall material and fermenting the sugars that are released. This enzyme, according to scientists, could potentially allow plant materials to be broken down more efficiently.

The new class of plant enzymes has a structure similar to the microbial enzymes called "cellulases" which are used to digest the cellulose in grasses and similar plants.

While the scientists found the new enzyme in a tomato plant, they are confident that such proteins are present in other plant species that could be used for biofuel production.

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Dynamotive Starts BioOil Plant in Guelph, Ontario, Aiming 'Untapped' Industrial Fuels Market

Dynamotive Starts Commissioning Intermediate BioOil Plant in Guelph, Ontario, Aiming at 'Untapped' Industrial Fuels Market

Press release

BRUSSELS, BELGIUM & LAS VEGAS, March 6, 2007 - Dynamotive Energy Systems Corporation (OTCBB:DYMTF), which develops and markets biomass-based biofuel technology and products derived from its proprietary fast pyrolysis process, announced today that it has started the commissioning of its biofuel plant in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, a process that is on target 11 months after start of fabrication.

The joint ventured Guelph plant, is designed to process 200 tonnes per
day of cellulosic biomass (recycled wood) and produce 175 tonnes (37,000
gallons) of biofuel per day (12.2 million gallons a year) with the equivalent
energy content of 550 barrels of conventional oil. Total development costs for
the plant are currently estimated at US$ 16.5 million. Full operations are
scheduled for the second quarter.

The Guelph plant commissioning announcement was made simultaneously in
Brussels, in connection with the World Biofuels Markets, Congress and
Exhibition, and in Las Vegas, in connection with PowerGen Renewable Energy &
Fuels Conference.

Unlike ethanol and biodiesel, the biofuels produced by Dynamotive will be
aimed at the industrial fuels market. This market accounts for approximately
25% of hydrocarbon usage and is a major contributor to greenhouse gas
emissions.

"The Guelph plant will help draw international attention to renewable
BioOil and Intermediate BioOil as being viable and highly economical
replacements, on a potentially enormous scale, for mainstream industrial fuels
whether in the US, China, Europe or the smallest nations which have little or
no fossil fuel but abundant cellulosic biomass residues which are the raw
materials from which our fuels are made," said Andrew Kingston, President and
CEO of Dynamotive.

"Biodiesel and ethanol target mobile fuels. Dynamotive's fuels target,
initially, the industrial market which is largely untapped. We believe we have
a great competitive edge in this market as well as being able to target
ethanol and syn-diesel production through further processing of our fuel."

"We believe that our BioOil and Intermediate BioOils can be shown to be
cost competitive with hydrocarbon-based industrial fuels.

"The attractive economics of BioOil partly derive from the simplicity of
the process, heat transformation of biomass into a liquid and char and the
fact that residual cellulosic biomass can be processed at smaller, distributed
plants that are significantly less costly to build and operate than other
biofuel production facilities that require large scale operations to be
economical," said Kingston.

"A main contributor to the cost competitiveness is the fact that
Dynamotive's fuel is produced from residual or waste biomass and not from
agricultural products that otherwise have food value."

The company has tested over 120 types of biomass to date. This provides
it with great flexibility in tackling the growing sustainable fuels market,
even providing opportunity to process residues from biodiesel and ethanol
production processes.

Dynamotive has developed and tested BioOil and Intermediate BioOil in a
number of industrial applications with major companies and has shown
equivalent performance to natural gas, heating oil and diesel with same heat
input (equivalent thermal input). Further, BioOil, Intermediate BioOil and
char produced at Dynamotive's West Lorne plant have received Environment
Canada's EcoLogo Certification through the Environmental Choice Program.
Information on tests and the EcoLogo program are available at the Company's
website www.dynamotive.com.

Kingston added that at a second stage of development Dynamotive will aim
to further process BioOil and Intermediate BioOil into synthetic diesel and
ethanol and, in doing so, further expand the market appeal for its technology
and fuels.

"Production of syngas from BioOil and Intermediate BioOil is a
preliminary step towards the development of mobile fuels and has been
successfully demonstrated by the company."

Dynamotive has developed the technology and fuels over the past 10 years
and demonstrated scaleability through six increasingly larger plants. It has
invested over US$ 50 million to reach this stage. Today, the Company has
developed two commercial plants in Ontario, Canada, Guelph and West Lorne, and
is planning further production facilities for Australia, China, Europe, South
America and the United States in addition to further plant modules of 200
tonnes per day capacity at the Guelph site.

Guelph's output biofuel - Intermediate BioOil - will be suitable for most
of the industrial uses now addressed by petroleum-based #2 or #6 heating oil,
such as industrial power, heating, paper manufacturing and aluminum smelting.

The company said it also expects to restart production near the end of
the second quarter, of its West Lorne, Ontario plant that is currently being
upgraded (after two years of operating as a commercial demonstration plant) to
130 tonnes per day of biomass processing capacity. The plant will produce
Light BioOil and Char. The output of the plant will be mainly for electricity
generation and for specialty products as BioOil has a number of high value
components that can be extracted.

"Our Intermediate-Grade BioOil is an excellent substitute for fossil
fuels, especially for use in industrial boilers, kilns, smelters and other
applications. BioOil pumps well, ignites and burns readily when atomized, and
it can be used by industrial customers with little adjustments necessary to
combustion equipment."

"According to the Energy Information Administration, a statistical agency
of the United States Department of Energy, nearly 25% (24.35%) of all U.S.
petroleum consumption is used by industrial boilers and similar equipment.

"Focusing on that huge market makes BioOil the natural, renewable choice
for industry," Kingston continued, "and, we believe, it will become a
necessary supplemental biofuel to complement ethanol and biodiesel - fuels
which are more focused on transportation usage."

Kingston will discuss the markets, technology and implications of
Intermediate BioOil in more detail on Friday, March 9th, when he speaks at the
World Biofuels Markets Congress in Brussels.

About Dynamotive

Dynamotive Energy Systems Corporation is an energy solutions provider
headquartered in Vancouver, Canada, with offices in the USA, UK and Argentina.
Its carbon/greenhouse-gas-neutral fast-pyrolysis technology uses medium
temperatures and oxygen-less conditions to turn dry waste biomass and energy
crops into BioOil for power and heat generation. BioOil can be further
converted into vehicle fuels and chemicals. For further information, please
visit Dynamotive's website: www.dynamotive.com.

www.dynamotive.com

Forward Looking Statement

Statements in this news release concerning the company's business outlook
or future economic performance; including the anticipation of future plant
start-ups, partnerships, consortiums, teaming agreements, government
assistance, other anticipated cash receipts, revenues, expenses, or other
financial items; and statements concerning assumptions made or expectations as
to any future events, conditions, performance or other matters, are
"forward-looking statements." Forward-looking statements are by their nature
subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors which could cause actual
results to differ materially from those stored in such statements. Such risks,
uncertainties and factors include, but are not limited to, changes in energy
prices, availability of capital, and the Company's ability to access capital
on acceptable terms or any terms at all, changes and delays in project
development plans and schedules, customer and partner acceptance of new
projects, changes in input pricing, competing alternative energy technologies,
government policies and general economic conditions. These risks are generally
outlined in the Company's disclosure filings with the Securities and Exchange
Commission.

For further information: Dynamotive Energy Systems Corporation Nigel
Horsley, 604-267-6028 Executive Director, Communications and Investor
Relations or Nathan Neumer, 604-267-6042 Director, Communications or
Switchboard: 604-267-6000 Toll Free (North America): 877-863-2268 Fax:
604-267-6005, Website: www.dynamotive.com

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  In the beginning, there were algae,
but there was no oil Then, from algae came oil.
Now, the algae are still there, but oil is fast depleting
In future, there will be no oil, but there will still be algae  
So, doesn't it make sense to explore if we can again get oil from algae?
This is what we try to do at Oilgae.com - explore the potential of getting oil from algae